Wednesday, January 30, 2019

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Joe Arpaio - Wikipedia



Der ehemalige Maricopa County Sheriff



Joseph Michael Arpaio [1] (; * 14. Juni 1932) ist ein ehemaliger US-amerikanischer Strafverfolgungsoffizier und Politiker. Von 1993 bis 2017 diente er 24 Jahre lang als 36. Sheriff des Maricopa County, Arizona, und verlor 2016 die Wiederwahl gegen den Demokraten Paul Penzone.

Ab 2005 nahm Arpaio eine ausgesprochene Haltung gegen die illegale Einwanderung ein und bezeichnete ihn selbst als "America's Toughest Sheriff". [2][3] Im Jahr 2010 wurde er zu einem Konfliktpunkt gegen Arizonas Anti-Illegales-Einwanderungsgesetz SB1070, das weitgehend geschlagen wurde vom Obersten Gerichtshof der Vereinigten Staaten niedergelegt. [4][5][6][7] Arpaio ist auch dafür bekannt, die Geburtsurkunde des ehemaligen US-Präsidenten Barack Obama zu untersuchen, und seit 2018 behauptet er weiterhin ohne Beweise, dass es gefälscht wurde. [8] [9]

Arpaio wurde zahlreicher Arten von polizeilichem Fehlverhalten vorgeworfen, darunter Missbrauch der Macht, Missbrauch von Geldern, Nichtverfolgung von Sexualdelikten, strafrechtlicher Nachlässigkeit, Folter und unrechtmäßiger Handlungen Klärung von Fällen, rechtswidrige Durchsetzung von Einwanderungsgesetzen und Verstöße gegen das Wahlgesetz. Ein Beauftragter des Bundesgerichts wurde beauftragt, die Operationen seines Amtes wegen Beschwerden über Rassenprofilierung zu überwachen. Das US-Justizministerium gelangte zu dem Schluss, dass Arpaio das schlimmste Muster der Rassenprofilierung in der Geschichte der USA überwachte und daraufhin Klage wegen rechtswidriger Diskriminierung durch die Polizei erhob. [10][11][12][13] Arpaio und das MCSO wurden in Dutzenden von Zivilklagen von Bürgern als Angeklagte genannt von Arpaio und seinen Stellvertretern wegen angeblicher unrechtmäßiger Verhaftung, unrechtmäßiger Todesfälle, Einschließung und anderer Ansprüche verhaftet, wodurch der Steuerzahler im Bezirk Maricopa während seiner Amtszeit als Sheriff über 140 Millionen US-Dollar an Rechtsstreitigkeiten gegen Arpaio beteiligt war.

Over the Im Laufe seiner Karriere war Arpaio Gegenstand mehrerer Zivilrechtsklagen des Bundes. In einem Fall war er Angeklagter in einer zehn Jahre andauernden Klage, in der ein Bundesgericht eine einstweilige Verfügung erlassen hatte, die ihn daran hinderte, weitere "Einwanderungszusammenfassungen" durchzuführen. [15] Ein Bundesgericht stellte später fest, dass nach der Anordnung das Büro von Arpaio war weiterhin "Personen für weitere Ermittlungen festgenommen, ohne dass der begründete Verdacht besteht, dass ein Verbrechen begangen wurde oder wird." [15] Im Juli 2017 wurde er wegen strafrechtlicher Verachtung vor Gericht verurteilt, ein von Präsident Donald Trump begnadetes Verbrechen 25. August 2017. [16] In einem separaten Rassenprofilierungsfall, der im Jahr 2013 abgeschlossen wurde, wurde festgestellt, dass Arpaio und seine Untergebenen Hispanics unfair bei der Durchführung von Verkehrsstopps angriffen. [17] Obwohl Arpaio im Jahr 2016 eine andere Amtszeit als Sheriff suchte Die Missachtung der gerichtlichen Verurteilung hatte einen großen Teil seiner verbleibenden politischen Unterstützung zum Erliegen gebracht, und er wurde bei der Wahl von Paul Penzone, einem Demokraten, der nach seinem Amtsantritt viele seiner Richtlinien rückgängig machte, geschlagen. Arpaio war ein erfolgloser Kandidat bei den vorgezogenen Neuwahlen in Arizona für den US-Senat 2018.



Frühes Leben


Arpaio wurde am 14. Juni 1932 in Springfield, Massachusetts (USA), [18] als Sohn italienischer Eltern aus Lacedonia (Italien) geboren. [19] Arpaios Mutter starb, als er ihn zur Welt brachte aufgewachsen von seinem Vater [20] der ein italienisches Lebensmittelgeschäft führte. [21][22] Arpaio absolvierte die High School und arbeitete bis zu seinem 18. Lebensjahr als er in die US-Armee aufgenommen wurde. [23][18] Er diente ab 1950 in der Armee 1954 in der Medizinischen Abteilung und war zeitweise als Militärpolizist in Frankreich stationiert. [23]

Nach seiner Entlassung aus der Armee im Jahr 1954 zog Arpaio nach Washington, DC, und wurde ein Angehöriger der Polizei Polizist, zog 1957 nach Las Vegas, Nevada. Er war sechs Monate lang als Polizeibeamter in Las Vegas tätig, bevor er zum Special Agent des Bundesamtes für Betäubungsmittel ernannt wurde, das später Teil der Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) wurde. [24] Während seiner 25-jährigen Amtszeit bei der DEA, er war in Argentinien, der Türkei und Mexiko stationiert und avancierte durch die Reihen zum Chef der DEA-Niederlassung in Arizona. [25]

Nachdem Arpaio die DEA verlassen hatte, wurde er beteiligt eine Reise durch das Reisebüro seiner Frau, Starworld Travel Agency, mit Sitz in Scottsdale. Dort verkaufte er eine Passage der Weltraumrakete Phoenix E, die zum 500. Jahrestag der Reise von Christopher Columbus von der Edwards Air Force Base oder der Vandenberg Air Force Base in die neue Welt abheben sollte. Obwohl er 1988 behauptete, dass die ersten 19 Flüge des Phoenix E gebucht worden waren, wurden keine Flüge durchgeführt. [26][27]


Amtszeit als Sheriff 1993–2016



Arpaio sprach bei einer Wahlkundgebung für Donald Trump in Phoenix, Arizona [19659027] Arpaio wurde erstmals 1992 zum Sheriff gewählt. 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008 und 2012 wurde er wiedergewählt. [28] Während seiner gesamten Amtszeit als Sheriff suchte Arpaio die Medienberichterstattung. Er wurde von weltweiten Nachrichtenmedien vorgestellt und profiliert und behauptete, durchschnittlich 200 Fernsehauftritte pro Monat zu erreichen. [29] Ende 2008 und Anfang 2009 erschien Arpaio in Smile ... You Under Arrest! a Fox-Reality-Channel-Serie mit drei Folgen, in der Personen mit ausstehenden Haftbefehlen dazu verleitet wurden, sich zur Verhaftung zu präsentieren. [30]


Gefängnisstrafen


Zu den Gefängnisstrafen von Arpaio gehörten die Insassen Nutraloaf [31] und Lebensmittel, die von der Lebensmittelrettung [32] gewonnen wurden Mahlzeiten auf zweimal täglich beschränken. [33] Außerdem verbot er Insassen, "sexuell explizites Material" zu besitzen, einschließlich der Zeitschrift Playboy nachdem weibliche Offiziere sich darüber beklagt hatten, dass Insassen beim Betrachten der Artikel offen masturbierten. Das Verbot wurde aus Gründen der ersten Änderung angefochten, wurde jedoch vom Berufungsgericht der Vereinigten Staaten für den neunten Kreislauf bestätigt. [34] Im Februar 2007 richtete Arpaio einen eigenen Radiosender ein, den er KJOE (19659036) mit klassischer Musik sendete. Oper, Frank Sinatra-Hits, patriotische Musik und pädagogische Programme an fünf Tagen in der Woche, vier Stunden pro Tag.

Bundesrichter Neil V. Wake entschied 2008 und 2010, dass die Gefängnisse des Maricopa County die verfassungsmäßigen Rechte von Insassen in medizinischen und anderen pflegerischen Angelegenheiten verletzten. [36]

Im Jahr 2013 stellte National Geographic Channel Arpaios Gefängnis in Banged Up Abroad als Folge von "Raving Arizona" vor. [38] Die Episode erzählte die Geschichte des Ecstasy-Händlers Shaun Attwood, der den Blog startete Jon's Jail Journal. [39] [40] [41]

Arpaio gründete 1993 eine "Zeltstadt" als Erweiterung der Maricopa Bezirksgefängnis wegen verurteilter und verurteilter Gefangener. [42][43] Arpaio bezeichnete Tent City als Konzentrationslager. [44][45] Tent City befand sich in einem Hof ​​neben einer festeren Struktur. [46] Am 2. Juli 2011, als die Temperatur in Phoenix schlug 48 ° C (118 ° F), Arpaio maß die Temperatur in Zelten der Zeltstadt bei 145 ° F ( 63 ° C). Einige Insassen beschwerten sich darüber, dass die Ventilatoren in der Nähe ihrer Betten nicht funktionieren und dass ihre Schuhe durch die Hitze schmelzen. [47] Im Sommer 2003, als die Außentemperaturen über 43 ° C (110 ° F) überschritten wurden, sagte Arpaio zu Insassen klagen: "Es sind 120 Grad im Irak und die Soldaten leben in Zelten und sie haben keine Verbrechen begangen, also schließen Sie Ihre Münder!" [48]


Zeltstadtgefängnis


1997 sagte Amnesty International, dass Arpaios Zeltstadtgefängnis kein Gefängnis sei "adäquate oder humane Alternative zur Unterbringung von Insassen in geeigneten ... Gefängnisanstalten." [49] Tent City wurde von Gruppen kritisiert, die behaupteten, dass Menschen- und Verfassungsrechte verletzt wurden. [50] Arpaio erklärte, er habe die Strafe für das Leben in der Zeltstadt "für die Verurteilten vorbehalten." [51] [52] Im April 2017 wurde vom neu gewählten Sheriff Paul Penzone bekannt gegeben, dass der Gefängnis würde geschlossen werden. [53]

Im Jahr 1995 stellte Arpaio Kettenbanden wieder auf. 1996 erweiterte er das Konzept der Kettenbande durch die Einrichtung von weiblichen freiwilligen Kettenbanden. [54] Die weiblichen Insassen arbeiteten sieben Stunden am Tag (von 7.00 bis 14.00 Uhr) an sechs Tagen in der Woche. Er richtete auch die weltweit erste rein jugendliche freiwillige Kettenbande ein; Freiwillige verdienten Abitur für ein Diplom. [55] Eine von Arpaios PR-Maßnahmen bestand darin, dass Insassen rosa Unterwäsche tragen sollten, um den Diebstahl der entlassenen Insassen zu verhindern. Er behauptete, dies sparte dem Landkreis 70.000 US-Dollar im ersten Jahr, in dem die Regel in Kraft trat. [56] Arpaio begann daraufhin, maßgeschneiderte pinkfarbene Boxer (mit dem Maricopa County Sheriff-Logo und "Go Joe") als Spendenaktion für die Sheriff Posse Association zu verkaufen. Trotz angeblicher missbräuchlicher Verwendung von Geldern aus diesen Verkäufen lehnte Arpaio die Buchführung für das Geld ab. [57]

Der Erfolg von Arpaio, die Presse mit rosa Unterwäsche zu erreichen, führte zu einer Ausweitung der Verwendung von die Farbe. Er führte rosa Handschellen ein und nutzte die Veranstaltung, um sein Buch Sheriff Joe Arpaio (19459054), Amerikas Toughest Sheriff (19459054) zu promoten. [58] Arpaio hat gesagt: "Ich kann für rosa Unterwäsche gewählt werden ... Ich habe es fünfmal gemacht." [59] [60] Im Jahr 2004 ordnete Arpaio allen undokumentierten Einwanderern an, die derzeit im Gefängnis sind registrieren für das Selective Service System. [61]

Im November 2010 gründete Arpaio eine bewaffnete illegale Einwanderungskommission, um seinen Abgeordneten bei der Durchsetzung des Einwanderungsgesetzes zu helfen. Zu den Mitgliedern der Gruppe gehörten Schauspieler Steven Seagal, Lou Ferrigno und Peter Lupus. [62] Da das Maricopa County Sheriff's Office (MCSO) seine Vollmacht zur Durchsetzung des Einwanderungsgesetzes verlor (sowohl durch den Verlust seiner 287 (g) -Erlaubnis als auch durch die Anordnung des Bundesgerichts in Melendres v. Arpaio ), ist die Gruppe nicht mehr da aktiv. [63] Während die MCSO-Website 3.000 Posse-Mitglieder beanspruchte, zählte die Posse zum 29. Juli 2015 986 Mitglieder. [64]

Arpaio war ein umstrittener Sheriff. Seine Praktiken wurden von Regierungsbehörden wie dem US-Justizministerium kritisiert; United States District Courts; und Organisationen wie Amnesty International, [65] die American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU); der Ökumenische Rat von Arizona; das American Jewish Committee (19459095) [66] und das Arizona-Kapitel der Anti-Defamation League [67] Die Redaktion der The New York Times nannte Arpaio "America's Worst Sheriff". [68] Zu den Kontroversen um Arpaio gehörten Vorwürfe der Rassenprofilierung, für die die ACLU das Büro des Sheriffs verklagt hatte. [69] [70]


Behauptungen, das Sheriff's Office habe es nicht geschafft, schwere Verbrechen ordnungsgemäß zu untersuchen


behauptete, das Büro des Sheriffs habe es nicht geschafft, schwere Verbrechen, darunter die Vergewaltigung eines 14-jährigen Mädchens durch Klassenkameraden, [71] [72] und die Vergewaltigung eines 15-jährigen altes Mädchen von zwei Fremden [73] [74] Diese Fälle wurden vom MCSO ohne Untersuchung als "ausnahmsweise geklärt" (gelöst) gemeldet oder in einem Fall ohne sogar einen Verdächtigen zu identifizieren - entgegen den Standards des Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) für die Ausnahmegenehmigung. [73] [75] Im Fall des 15-jährigen Mädchens wurde der Fall innerhalb eines Monats geschlossen und noch bevor die DNA-Prüfung abgeschlossen war, eine 13-jährige, weil ihre Mutter diese Untersuchung nicht verfolgen wollte. Jahre alt, weil ein Verdächtiger nicht zum Verhör erschien. [71] [73] In einer Erklärung zu ABC15 forderte das Sheriff-Büro: "Der Bericht des Goldwater Institute zitiert das Uniform Code des FBI [sic] . Das Handbuch für die Berichterstattung ist ein freiwilliges Verbrechensmeldungsprogramm zur Erstellung statistischer Informationen und Berichte nicht dazu bestimmt, zu untersuchen, wie Strafverfolgungsbehörden Fälle klären ... Das Sheriff's Office hat seine eigenen Kriterien für die Klärung von Fällen. " [72] Das Arizona Department of Public Safety, das als Aufbewahrungsort für den Fall Arizona dient Clearance-Statistiken, sagte 12 News, dass die Richtlinien im FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook für alle Arizona Strafverfolgungsbehörden verpflichtend sind. Nach diesen Richtlinien kann ein Fall nur dann ausnahmsweise geklärt werden, wenn die Identität und der Ort eines Täters bekannt sind und ausreichende Beweise vorliegen, um die Strafverfolgung zu unterstützen, jedoch aufgrund besonderer Umstände (z. B. wenn der Verdächtige stirbt oder die Auslieferung nicht möglich ist) Verhaftung kann nicht gemacht werden. [76]

In einem Interview in der Nachrichtenredaktion von ABC Nightline als sie gefragt wurden, warum 82 Prozent der Fälle ausnahmsweise für geklärt erklärt wurden, sagte Arpaio "Wir haben einen höheren Prozentsatz davon. Ich weiß das. Wir lösen viele, viele Fälle - nicht 18 Prozent." Nightline setzte sich nach dem Interview mit dem MCSO in Verbindung und erfuhr, dass von 7.346 Straftaten nur 944 (15%) durch Verhaftung freigelassen worden seien. [77]

Unter Arpaio, the MCSO hat möglicherweise 75% der Fälle ohne Festnahme oder ordnungsgemäße Ermittlungen unzulässig geklärt (gemeldet als gelöst). [76] [78] [79] [19650066] [81]


Ermittlungen wegen Sexualdelikten


In einem Zeitraum von drei Jahren, der 2007 endete, wurden mehr als 400 dem Büro von Arpaio gemeldete Sexualdelikte unzureichend oder gar nicht untersucht. Bei der Erbringung von Polizeidiensten für El Mirage, Arizona, konnte das MCSO unter Arpaio bei mindestens 32 gemeldeten Kindesmisshandlungen nicht nachkommen, obwohl die Verdächtigen in allen außer sechs Fällen bekannt waren. Viele der Opfer waren Kinder illegaler Einwanderer. [73] [82]

In einem umstrittenen Fall wurde Arpaios Büro beschuldigt, Sabrina Morrison, eine an geistiger Behinderung leidende Teenagerin, zu ignorieren . Am 7. März 2007 wurde die 13-jährige von ihrem Onkel Patrick Morrison vergewaltigt. Sie erzählte es ihrem Lehrer am nächsten Tag und ihr Lehrer rief den MCSO an. Ein Vergewaltigungssatz wurde genommen, aber der Detective, der dem Fall zugewiesen wurde, teilte Sabrina und ihrer Familie mit, dass es keine offensichtlichen Anzeichen für sexuelle Übergriffe, keinen Samen oder Anzeichen für ein Trauma gab. [83]

As a Aufgrund der Aussagen des Detektivs wurde Sabrina von ihrer Familie als Lügnerin gebrandmarkt. Ihr Onkel vergewaltigte sie immer wieder und sagte, er würde sie töten, wenn sie es jemandem erzählte. Sie wurde von ihm schwanger und hatte eine Abtreibung. Die Familie wusste nicht, dass das Vergewaltigungsset im staatlichen Labor getestet worden war, und zeigte das Vorhandensein von Sperma. Das Labor forderte, dass der Detective eine Blutprobe von dem Verdächtigen Patrick Morrison erhält. [84] Anstatt die Blutprobe zu erhalten oder eine Festnahme vorzunehmen, reichte der Detective die Tatbestandsanzeige ein und schloss den Fall für vier Jahre. [84]

Im September 2011 erhielt das Büro des Sheriffs eine Blutprobe von Patrick Morrison, der ein DNA-Match mit dem vor vier Jahren entnommenen Samen war. Patrick Morrison wurde im Februar 2012 festgenommen und angeklagt; Er bekannte sich schuldig und wurde zu 24 Jahren Gefängnis verurteilt. [84]

Im Dezember 2011 reagierte er auf die anhaltende Medienberichterstattung über die Kontroverse und schien nicht zu wissen, dass es in diesen Fällen Hunderte von Opfern gab. Arpaio erklärte in einer Pressekonferenz: "Wenn es Opfer gab, entschuldige ich mich bei diesen Opfern." [85]

Im August 2012 reichte Sabrina Morrison eine Klage gegen Arpaio und Maricopa County ein grobe Fahrlässigkeit. Im April 2015 wurden $ 3,5 Millionen beigelegt. [86] [87]

Ein internes Memo, das von einem der Detectives des Fall Morrison verfasst wurde, beschuldigte eine hohe Fallbelastung Die Spezial-Opfereinheit war von fünf auf drei Detektive gegangen, und die Detectives wurden oft abgewiesen, um spezielle Aufträge zu untersuchen. Dazu gehörten ein Kreditkartenbetrugsfall mit den Arizona Diamondbacks und ein Hypothekenbetrugsfall in Arpaios Heimatstadt Fountain Hills. [88]

Bei der Beauftragung der Bezirksregierungsbehörden wurden mehr als 600.000 US-Dollar zur Verfügung gestellt Im Jahr 2007 wurde Kindesmissbrauch untersucht. Keiner wurde in die Gruppe der Sexualverbrechen aufgenommen. Sheriffs Administratoren schlussfolgerten, dass sie keine Ahnung hatten, wo Positionen hinzugefügt wurden oder was aus dem Geld wurde, nachdem es in das Budget aufgenommen wurde. [89]


Anvisierung politischer Gegner


Im Oktober 2007 waren Mike Lacey und Jim Larkin , die Gründer und Führer der Phoenix New Times wurden verhaftet, nachdem sie einen Artikel über eine Grand Jury-Untersuchung veröffentlicht hatten, an der Arpaios Büro beteiligt war. [90] An dem Abend, an dem der Artikel veröffentlicht wurde, wurden Lacey und Larkin von den Abgeordneten des Sheriffs in Zivil verhaftet, "in Handschellen gelegt, in dunkle SUVs mit getönten Scheiben gesteckt und ins Gefängnis gestoßen." [91] Nach einem öffentlichen Aufruhr über den Verhaftungen, alle Anklagen wurden gegen Lacey und Larkin fallengelassen. [91] Lacey und Larkin reichten wegen Verletzung ihrer Bürgerrechte 1983 eine Klage gegen die Bundesbehörde ein, und 2012 entschied das US-Berufungsgericht für den Neunten Kreis, dass sie das Maricopa County Sheriff Office wegen der Festnahmen verklagen könnten. [92] [92] Im Jahr 2013 stimmte das Board of Supervisors des Bezirks Maricopa dafür, die Klage für 3,75 Millionen US-Dollar zu entscheiden. [93] Lacey und Larkin nutzten den Erlös der Siedlung, um eine Stiftungsprofessur an der Walter Cronkite School für Journalismus und Massenkommunikation [91] und den Lacey & Larkin Frontera Fund zu gründen, der sich für Migrantenrechte einsetzt und Redefreiheit in Arizona. [94]

Zwischen 2008 und 2010 führten Arpaio und der ehemalige Anwalt des Maricopa County, Andrew Thomas, zusammen eine Reihe von Ermittlungen gegen die Regierung durch, die gegen politische Gegner gerichtet waren Supervisoren und Administratoren, die zu einer Anklage gegen mehrere Personen führten, Klagen gegen den Verwaltungsrat von Maricopa County und eine zivilrechtliche Beschwerde des Bundes gegen die Supervisoren, vier Richter und Rechtsanwälte, die mit der Grafschaft zusammenarbeiteten. [95]

Anfang 2010 suchten Arpaio und Thomas, dass eine große Jury eine Reihe von Maricopa County-Richtern, Maricopa Count, anklagte y Vorgesetzte und Mitarbeiter des Maricopa County Board of Supervisors. Die Grand Jury ordnete die Untersuchung in einem ungewöhnlichen Tadel an. Diese Klage wurde so beschrieben, dass "der Fall so schlimm ist, dass keine weiteren Beweise vorgelegt werden können", um ihn zu belegen. Juristische Experten waren sich einig, dass dies ein seltener Schritt war. [96]

Arpaio und Thomas verloren jeden Fall, entweder durch Gerichtsentscheid oder durch Streichung des Falls. [97] 19659004] Die Handlungen von Arpaio und Thomas in diesen Angelegenheiten führten dazu, dass Thomas von einer Disziplinarkommission des Obersten Gerichtshofs von Arizona ausgeschlossen wurde. Darin wurde festgestellt, dass Thomas "die Macht unverschämt ausnutzte, die Angst furchterregend anstachelte und das Gesetz missbrauchte", während er als Maricopa County Attorney diente . Das Panel fand "klare und überzeugende Beweise", dass Thomas unbegründete und bösartige strafrechtliche und zivilrechtliche Anklagen gegen politische Gegner, darunter vier Staatsrichter und den Arizona Attorney General, erhoben hatte. [98] "Wäre dies ein Strafverfahren", schlussfolgerte die Jury, "sind wir zuversichtlich, dass die Beweise diese Verschwörung zweifelsfrei begründen würden." [99] [100]

Mindestens 11 Einzelpersonen haben Klagen oder Rechtsansprüche eingereicht, weil Arpaio und Thomas gegen sie vorgegangen sind. Die Grafschaft hat alle elf Fälle beigelegt: [95] [101]


  • Gary Donahoe, ehemaliger Richter am Obersten Gericht: 1.275.000 USD Siedlung. Rechtskosten der Grafschaft: 767.127 US-Dollar.

  • Kenneth Fields, Richter im Richter des Obersten Gerichts: 100.000 US-Dollar. Rechtskosten des Bezirks: 81.040 US-Dollar.

  • Barbara Mundell, Richterin im Oberlandesgericht: 500.000 US-Dollar. Rechtskosten des Bezirks: 134.273 US-Dollar.

  • Anna Baca, Richterin im Oberlandesgericht: 100.000 US-Dollar. Bezirksrechtskosten: 112.588 US-Dollar.

  • Stephen Wetzel, ehemaliger Technologiedirektor des Bezirks: 75.000 US-Dollar. Bezirksrechtskosten: 107.647 US-Dollar.

  • Sandi Wilson, stellvertretender Bezirksmanager und Bezirkshaushaltsdirektor: 122.000 US-Dollar. Bezirksrechtskosten: 458.318 US-Dollar.

  • Don Stapley, ehemaliger Bezirksvorsteher: 3,5 Millionen US-Dollar. Bezirksrechtskosten: 1.682.020 US-Dollar.

  • Mary Rose Wilcox, Bezirksvorsteher: 975.000 US-Dollar, zuzüglich 9.938 US-Dollar für gerichtlich angeordnete Rechtskosten. Bezirksrechtskosten bisher: über 375.442 US-Dollar.

  • Susan Schuerman, Stapleys Assistentin der Geschäftsleitung: 500.000 US-Dollar. Bezirksrechtskosten: 200.201 US-Dollar.

  • Conley Wolfswinkel, Stapleys Geschäftspartner: 1.400.000 US-Dollar. Bezirksrechtskosten: 1.586.152 USD.

  • Andy Kunasek, Bezirksvorsteher: 123.110 USD. Bezirksrechtskosten: 1.150 US-Dollar.

Im Februar 2010 stellte der Richter des Obersten Gerichts des Bezirks Pima, John S. Leonardo, fest, dass Arpaio "die Macht seines Amtes missbraucht habe, um Mitglieder des Aufsichtsrats für strafrechtliche Ermittlungen anzugreifen" [102]

Ab Juni 2014 beliefen sich die Kosten für die Steuerpflichtigen des Bezirks Maricopa County im Zusammenhang mit den gescheiterten Ermittlungen gegen Arpaio und Thomas auf mehr als 44 Millionen US-Dollar, nicht einschließlich der Personalzeit. [101] [103]


Election Gesetzesverletzung


Im Juli 2010 finanzierte ein von Arpaio (der "Kampagne zur Wiederwahl von Joe Arpaio 2012") eingesetztes Komitee kritische Werbeanzeigen für Rick Romley, einen Kandidaten im republikanischen Primäranwalt für Maricopa County Attorney, und den Kandidaten für Arizona Attorney General Tom Horne, obwohl Arpaio zu dieser Zeit nicht zur Wiederwahl angetreten war (seine Amtszeit endete erst Ende 2012). [104]

Im August 2010, nach der Einreichung von Beschwerden an das Mar Die Wahlbehörde von icopa, das Büro des Bezirksstaatsanwalts von Maricopa, stellte fest, dass eine der Anzeigen, ein Direktwerbeauftragter, die Niederlage von Romley befürwortete und einen Sachbeitrag für Bill Montgomery (den primären Wahlgegner von Romley) darstellt, was gegen das Wahlgesetz von Arizona verstößt. In der Anordnung heißt es, dass Campaign to Re-Elect Joe Arpaio 2012 eine Zivilstrafe in Höhe des dreifachen Geldbetrags für den Mailer auferlegt wird. [105] Im September 2010 wurde Arpaios Kampagne mit einer Geldstrafe von 153,978 US-Dollar belegt. [106] Montgomery besiegte schließlich Romley in der Vorwahl, wobei Romley behauptete, Arpaios Anzeigen hätten seine Ergebnisse "verletzt". [107]


Fehlende Analyse


Eine im April 2011 abgeschlossene Analyse des Maricopa County Office of Management and Budget fand heraus, dass Arpaio in den letzten fünf Jahren fast 100 Millionen Dollar verpasst hatte. [108] [109] [19650010] [110]

Die Analyse ergab, dass Geld aus einem beschränkten Haftfonds gezahlt wurde konnte legal nur verwendet werden, um für Gefängnisgegenstände wie Lebensmittel, Gehälter der Haftbeamten und Ausrüstungsgegenstände zu zahlen, und die Angestellten wurden für die Patrouille des Landkreises Maricopa bezahlt. [108] Die Analyse ergab auch, dass viele Mitarbeiter des Sheriffs, deren Gehälter aus dem Sperrfonds gezahlt wurden, andere als die in ihren Personalakten angegebenen Beschäftigungsaufträge hatten. Das Büro von Arpaio führte eine eigene Reihe von Personalbüchern, in denen die tatsächlichen Arbeitsaufträge beschrieben waren, die sich von den Angaben in den offiziellen Personalakten des Countys unterschieden. [109]

Arpaio verwendete den Haftfonds, um die Ermittlungen politischer Rivalen zu bezahlen sowie Aktivitäten, an denen seine Einheit für Menschenschmuggel beteiligt war. [108] [109]

Die Analyse zeigte auch eine Reihe von unangemessenen Ausgabenposten, einschließlich einer Reise nach Alaska, wo Abgeordnete in einem Bundesstaat untergebracht waren Fischerort und Reisen nach Disneyland. [109] [111]

Separate Ermittlungen durch Die Arizona-Republik deckte den weit verbreiteten Missbrauch öffentlicher Gelder und der Bezirksrichtlinien durch Arpaios Büro auf einschließlich hochrangiger Angestellter, die routinemäßig teure Mahlzeiten und Aufenthalte in Luxushotels mit ihren Bezirkskreditkarten in Rechnung stellen. [112]

Die Republik stellte ebenfalls fest, dass eine Einschränkung vorliegt Der Ed Jail-Enhancement-Fonds wurde unzulänglich für die Bezahlung von Schulungen außerhalb des Staates, einer Mitarbeiterparty in einem örtlichen Vergnügungspark und einem Bus in Höhe von 456.000 US-Dollar verwendet, den Arpaio unter Verstoß gegen die Beschaffungsregeln der Bezirke erworben hatte. [108] [113]


Memo für Fehlverhalten und Missmanagement


Im September 2010 wurde ein 63-seitiges internes Memo des Maricopa-Vizechefs Frank Munnell veröffentlicht. In dem Memo wurden angeblich Jahre des Fehlverhaltens und des Missmanagements durch Arpaios Stellvertreter und andere leitende MCSO-Offiziere behauptet, darunter der Einsatz einer Taskforce für öffentliche Korruption, um politisch motivierte Untersuchungen gegen politische Gegner durchzuführen. In dem Memo wurde behauptet, dass Spitzenvertreter des MCSO "vorsätzlich und absichtlich kriminelle Handlungen begangen haben, indem sie versuchten, die Justiz zu behindern, Zeugen zu manipulieren und Beweise zu vernichten." [114] Arpaio übermittelte das Memo an das Sheriff-Büro von Pinal County beantragen, dass sie eine Verwaltungsuntersuchung durchführen. Ehemalige Spitzenmitarbeiter der MCSO behaupteten, Arpaio wisse von den im Munnell-Memo behaupteten Taten, unternahm jedoch keine Maßnahmen, um sie aufzuhalten. [115] Arpaio hat sich zu den Vorwürfen nicht öffentlich geäußert.

Im Oktober 2010 bestätigte der US-amerikanische Anwalt für Arizona, dass das FBI und das US-Justizministerium Kopien des Memo von Munnell erhalten hatten und strafrechtliche Ermittlungen zu seinen Vorwürfen durchführten. [116]



Falsche Festnahme und Einklemmungsklage und Siedlung


Im Jahr 1999 verhafteten verdeckte MCSO-Abgeordnete den damals 18-jährigen James Saville und beschuldigten ihn, mit einer Pfeifenbombe geplant zu haben, Arpaio zu töten. Ein lokaler Fernsehsender war vom MCSO zur Verhaftung gebracht worden und hatte am Abend Filmmaterial der Verhaftung gesendet. Das MCSO hielt kurz nach der Festnahme eine Pressekonferenz ab, und Arpaio erschien in Interviews bei lokalen Fernsehsendern mit den Worten: "Wenn sie glauben, sie würden mich mit Bomben und allem anderen verscheuchen, wird das mich nicht stören." [117]

Im Juli 2003 wurde Saville, nachdem er fast vier Jahre im Gefängnis verbracht hatte, um auf ein Gerichtsverfahren zu warten, von einer Jury des Maricopa County Superior Court freigesprochen. Die Juroren waren überzeugt, dass Saville vom MCSO als Teil eines Werbestunts von Arpaio gefangen genommen wurde. [118] [119] Dies war ein seltenes Beispiel für eine erfolgreiche Fallenabwehr, die sehr schwer zu beweisen ist. [120] Die im Anschluss an die Verhandlung befragten Juroren sagten: "Sie waren überzeugt, dass Saville in einem aufwendigen Medien-Trick ein Pfand gewesen war." [120] Die Jury-Vorarbeiterin sagte daraufhin: "Dies war ein Werbegag auf Kosten von vier Jahre eines Menschen. " Ein anderer Juror erklärte: "Dies war von Anfang an eine große Einstellung." [118]

Im Jahr 2004 verklagte Saville nach dem Freispruch die Bezirke Arpaio und Maricopa wegen unrechtmäßiger Festnahme und Einklemmung. Im Jahr 2008 wurde die Klage beigelegt, und der Landkreis Maricopa zahlte Saville 1,1 Millionen Dollar. Saville erhielt auch eine nicht spezifizierte zusätzliche Entschädigung von der Versicherungsgesellschaft der Grafschaft. [121]


Vorwürfe und Ermittlungen wegen Machtmissbrauchs


Im Jahr 2008 begann eine Bundesjury eine Untersuchung von Arpaio wegen Missbrauchs von Macht im Zusammenhang mit einer FBI-Untersuchung. [122] [123] Am 31. August 2012 gab die US-amerikanische Anwaltskanzlei in Arizona bekannt, dass sie "ihre Ermittlungen wegen mutmaßlicher Straftaten" von Arpaio abschließt, ohne dass Anklagen erhoben werden. [124]

Arpaio wurde wegen politisch motivierter Ermittlungen untersucht und "falsche" Anklagen, die ein ehemaliger US-Anwalt als "völlig inakzeptabel" bezeichnet hatte. [122] [123] Phil Gordon, der Bürgermeister von Phoenix, bezeichnete Arpaios "lange Liste" fragwürdiger Anklagen als "Terrorherrschaft". [123]

Zu den Zielen von Arpaios mutmaßlichem Machtmissbrauch gehörten:


  • Phil Gordon, Bürgermeister von Phoenix [122]

  • Dan Saban, Arpaios Gegner von 2004 und 2008 für das Amt des Sheriffs des Maricopa County [122]

  • Terry Goddard , Generalstaatsanwalt von Arizona [122]

  • David Smith, Verwaltungsdirektor des Maricopa County [122]

  • Der Maricopa County Board of Supervisors [122] [19659088] Barbara Mundell, Vorsitzender Richter am Obersten Gerichtshof von Maricopa [122]

  • Anna Baca, Vorsitzende Richterin am Oberen Gerichtshof von Maricopa [125]

  • Gary Donahoe, Oberstes Kriegsverbrecher Vorsitzender Richter [122]

  • Daniel Pochoda, ACLU-Rechtsanwalt [122]

  • Sandra Dowling, ehemalige Superintendent der Maricopa County School [194592094] ] Mike Lacey, Herausgeber, Phoenix New Times [123]

Stand Juli 2010 war nur Sandra Dowling erfolgreich strafrechtlich verfolgt worden. [123] Nach 25 Verbrechen angeklagt, bekannte sich Dowling schuldig, dass sie ihrer Tochter einen Sommerjob verliehen hatte, ein einziges Vergehen der zweiten Klasse, das nicht zu den ursprünglichen Zählern gehörte, obwohl sie sich im Rahmen des Klagegrunds ebenfalls bereit erklärte, sich aus dem Gefängnis zurückzuziehen Maricopa County Regional Schulbezirk. Dowling reichte später Klage ein, mit der er Fahrlässigkeit, böswillige Verfolgung, Prozessmissbrauch und mehrere Verfassungsverstöße geltend machte, obwohl Arpaio ein Urteil gegen ihre Ansprüche gewann. [126]

investigating Arpaio's office on criminal abuse-of-power allegations since at least December 2009 and was specifically examining the investigative work of the sheriff's anti-public corruption squad.[127]

On August 31, 2012, federal authorities announced they were terminating their abuse-of-power investigation into Arpaio in Arizona without filing charges against him.[128]


Immigration patrols


In 2005, Arpaio began focusing on enforcing immigration laws, after Maricopa County Attorney Andrew Thomas was elected with a campaign slogan of "Stop illegal immigration."[129] Arpaio stated that prior to 2005, he didn't view illegal immigratio n as a "serious legal issue."[130]

Starting in 2005, Arpaio regularly conducted saturation patrols and immigration sweeps, targeting Latino neighborhoods[131][132] and day laborers.[133] Arpaio also ran many operations targeting businesses employing Latinos, and arresting employees who were unauthorized immigrants for identity theft. According to Arpaio, 100% of the persons arrested for using stolen IDs in 57 raids conducted up until March 2012 were in the country illegally.[134] Until 2011, when a Federal District Court injunction halted the practice, Arpaio maintained an immigrant smuggling squad which illegally stopped cars with Latino drivers or passengers to check their immigration status.[135][136]

Arpaio has said of his immigration law enforcement efforts, "Ours is an operation where we want to go after illegals, not the crime first... It's a pure program. You go after them, and you lock them up."[137]


Federal class-action suit


As of September 2012, Arpaio was a defendant in a federal class action suit and a United States Department of Justice suit, both of which alleged racial profiling.[138][139]

Arpaio repeatedly denied racial profiling, although the MCSO did not have a policy specifically barring the practice nor any reliable internal method of ensuring it was not taking place.[140][141]

In 2007 Manuel De Jesus Ortega Melendres, a Mexican tourist who was a passenger in a car stopped in Cave Creek, Maricopa County, filed a lawsuit (Melendres v. Arpaio[138]) in the United States District Court for the District of Arizona against Sheriff Arpaio, the MCSO, and Maricopa County, claiming to have been detained unlawfully for nine hours as a result of racial profiling. The lawsuit was expanded when several individuals joined in with similar complaints.

The plaintiffs were represented by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), the Mexican-American Legal Defense and Education Fund (MALDEF), and the law firm of Covington & Burling.

The lawsuit charged that Sheriff Arpaio and the MCSO unlawfully instituted a pattern and practice of targeting Latino drivers and passengers in Maricopa County during traffic stops, and that MCSO's practices discriminated on the basis of race in violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and resulted in prolonged traffic stops and baseless extended detentions in violation of the Fourth Amendment.[142]

The case was initially assigned to U.S. District Judge Mary Murguia. In June 2009, in response to a motion filed by Arpaio's lawyers, she recused herself. The case was then assigned to U.S. District Judge G. Murray Snow.

In his September 2009 deposition in the case, Arpaio testified he had never read the complaint in the case, was unfamiliar with the details of the allegations of racial profiling therein, didn't know the content of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, and had never read the Department of Justice's guidelines concerning the use of race in investigations, which would have applied to his deputies in the field when they were still operating under a 287(g) program agreement with U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). He insisted, however, that his deputies didn't profile based on ethnicity or race.[143]

In a December 2011 order, Judge Snow sanctioned Arpaio and the MCSO for acknowledged destruction of records in the case.[144][145][146] Judge Snow also stated:


Sheriff Arpaio has made public statements that a fact finder could interpret as endorsing racial profiling, such as stating that, even lacking 287(g) authority, his officers can detain people based upon 'their speech, what they look like, if they look like they came from another country'... Moreover, he acknowledges that MCSO provides no training to reduce the risk of racial profiling, stating 'if we do not racial profile, why would I do a training program?'"[135] Judge Snow expanded the complaint into a class-action lawsuit, including all Latino drivers stopped by the Sheriff's Office since 2007, or who will be stopped in the future. He also enjoined the MCSO and all of its officers from "detaining any person based only on knowledge or reasonable belief, without more, that the person is unlawfully present within the United States, because as a matter of law such knowledge does not amount to a reasonable belief that the person either violated or conspired to violate the Arizona human smuggling statute, or any other state or federal criminal law.[135]


Melendres v. Arpaio racial profiling class-action lawsuit


On December 23, 2011, U.S. District Court Judge G. Murray Snow enjoined Arpaio and the MCSO from "detaining any person based only on knowledge or reasonable belief, without more, that the person is unlawfully present within the United States," halting anti-illegal immigration enforcement by MCSO in its current form.[147]

Arpaio filed an appeal with the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. The court upheld Judge Snow's injunction.[148]

Starting July 19, 2012, a six-day bench trial was held before Judge Snow.[149] On May 24, 2013, Judge Snow issued a decision finding the policies and practices of Arpaio and his office discriminatory, in violation of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[150][151]

In June 2013, the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) filed a Statement of Interest in the case, recommending the appointment of an "independent monitor to assess and report on MCSO's compliance with the remedial measures ordered by the Court."[152] Adopting the DOJ's recommendation, in August 2013 Judge Snow stated in a court hearing that he would be assigning an independent monitor.[153]

In October 2013, Judge Snow issued a 59-page final order, giving the MCSO a list of reforms and requirements to institute and follow. In January 2014, Judge Snow appointed Robert Warshaw, former Rochester, New York, police chief, to act as monitor over the MCSO.[154]

Arpaio filed a limited appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, contesting the district court's order, insofar as it covered traffic stops outside of saturation patrols. The appeals court rejected this claim, upholding Judge Snow's inclusion of non-saturation patrols in his finding of racial profiling, and maintaining his rulings of corrective actions that included training and video recording of traffic stops. The appeals court did agree with Arpaio that the court-appointed monitor's oversight of internal investigations must only be related to the constitutional violations.[154][155]

Subsequent to Judge Snow's October 2013 order, Arpaio was videotaped during a training session for MCSO deputies, saying "we don't racially profile. I don't care what everybody says." As a result of this, and mischaracterizations of the court's order by MCSO Chief Deputy Jerry Sheridan, Snow convened a hearing in March 2014 where he chastised Arpaio and Sheridan, saying they had "defied and even mocked his order to stop singling out Latinos during routine patrols, traffic stops and workplace raids."[156] He then ordered Arpaio's attorney to prepare a corrective letter setting the record straight, to be distributed to all MCSO deputies. Because of Arpaio's First Amendment free speech rights, the court did not require him to personally sign the corrective letter.[157]

Two days after the hearing, having just been rebuked for mocking the court's order, Arpaio sent out a fundraising letter complaining of "Rampant UNFOUNDED [sic] charges of racism and racial profiling in my office."[158] Judge Snow responded to this fundraising letter, stating:


I want to be careful and say that the Maricopa County Sheriff's Office has used race – has illegitimately used race as a factor, and to the extent that constitutes racial profiling, that's what it is and that's what I found and the sheriff is saying that people have wrongfully accused him of that as of last Wednesday, which was after the meeting in which he was here.

So to the extent that I have a sheriff, who I'm not going to prohibit from mischaracterizing my order publicly, to the extent that I have an MCSO that is rife with a misunderstanding of my order and a mischaracterization of it when they are the people that have to understand it and implement it, I have grave concerns...[159]



On September 11, 2014, Judge Snow granted more than $4.4 million in attorney's fees to four legal organizations that litigated Melendres v. Arpaio. Attorney's fees were granted to the ACLU Immigrants' Rights Project, the ACLU of Arizona, MALDEF, and Covington & Burling.[160]

On June 4, 2014, the Phoenix New Times reported that Arpaio had initiated a criminal investigation of Judge Snow as well as the DOJ.[161] The article quoted unnamed sources, including a former detective with the MCSO's Special Investigations Division, who claimed that the investigation was being run directly by Arpaio and was based on his belief that Judge Snow and the DOJ had engaged in a conspiracy against him.[161]

Arpaio neither confirmed nor denied the investigation to the Phoenix New Times.[161] However, in an April 2015 civil contempt hearing before Judge Snow, Arpaio testified that his attorney, Tim Casey, had hired a private investigator to investigate Judge Snow's wife, and that the MCSO had paid Dennis L. Montgomery to investigate whether the DOJ had been penetrating Arpaio's e-mails as well as those of local attorneys and judges, including Judge Snow. (This was called the "Seattle Operation.")[162][163] Subsequently, MCSO Chief Deputy Jerry Sheridan testified that there was no investigation into Snow, his wife, or his family. As a result of the potential for ethical conflicts arising from Arpaio's and Sheridan's testimony, Casey withdrew as legal counsel for Arpaio and the MCSO.[164][165]

During a status conference on May 14, 2015, Judge Snow, reading from a prepared statement, said that documents unearthed from the "Seattle Operation" by the court-appointed monitor revealed "an attempt to construct a conspiracy involving this court" as well as other entities and individuals including the DOJ, former U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder, former Phoenix Mayor Phil Gordon, and former MCSO Executive Chief Brian Sands, among others.[166] One week after this status conference, Arpaio's criminal defense attorney filed a motion to disqualify Judge Snow, claiming that he had moved from being an independent arbiter in the case into the role of investigating "issues involving his own family." Judge Snow temporarily halted further hearings in the case, but ultimately denied the motion and resumed holding hearings.[167][168][169][170][171] On August 7, 2015, Arpaio asked the Ninth Circuit to remove Judge Snow from the case.[172] On September 15, 2015, the Ninth Circuit denied Arpaio's request to remove Judge Snow, as well as Arpaio's related request to halt the lower court's proceedings.[173]

As part of the contempt proceedings, Judge Snow concluded Arpaio and others had made intentionally false statements about the efforts to investigate him.[174]


Litigation on jail conditions


Graves v. Arpaio: federal court finding of unconstitutional jail conditions


Federal Judge Neil V. Wake ruled in 2008, and again in 2010, that the county jails violated the constitutional rights of inmates in medical and other care-related issues.[36][37] This ruling was a result of a lawsuit brought by the ACLU which alleged that "Arpaio routinely abused pre-trial detainees at Maricopa County Jail by feeding them moldy bread, rotten fruit and other contaminated food, housing them in cells so hot as to endanger their health, denying them care for serious medical and mental health needs, and keeping them packed as tightly as sardines in holding cells for days at a time during intake."[175]

In a ruling issued in October 2010, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ordered Arpaio to comply with Judge Wake's 2008 ruling, which required Arpaio to end the overcrowding and to ensure all detainees received necessary medical and mental health care; be given uninterrupted access to all medications prescribed by correctional medical staff; be given access to exercise and to sinks, toilets, toilet paper and soap; and be served food that met or exceeded the U.S. Department of Agriculture's dietary guidelines.[176][177][178][179]


Braillard v. Maricopa County: wrongful death suit and settlement


In 2005, Deborah Braillard, a diabetic was arrested and detained in county jail on a minor drug-possession charge. Without medical attention, Braillard soon became ill. Although Braillard "groaned and cried for help as she defecated and vomited on herself and others," guards refused to listen to pleas to medical treatment for Braillard, who went into a diabetic coma and died while chained to a hospital bed.[180]

In the subsequent wrongful death of Braillard v. Maricopa County,[181] the plaintiff's attorney cited numerous reports commissioned and paid for by Maricopa County, dating back as far as 1996, detailing a "culture of cruelty" where inmates were routinely denied humane healthcare at Maricopa County jails run by Arpaio. Testifying in this case, Arpaio stated he could not deny making the statement that even if he had a billion dollars he wouldn't change the way he runs his jails.[182] Arpaio said his jails were meant as places for punishment, and that the inhabitants were all criminals, although in fact most inmates had not been convicted of a crime and were awaiting trial.[183]

In the litigation, the former medical director for the country jails and other witnesses testified on the destruction of evidence, specifically "about evidence in the case being swiped and deleted from his computer."[180] In 2012, after the judge assigned to the case "that the jury was to be told about the MCSO's coverup, including missing jail videos and recordings of Braillard's phone calls," the county settled the litigation for $3.25 million.[180] The county spent an additional $1.8 million in legal fees on the Braillard case.[180]


Justice Department investigation on racial profiling


In June 2008, the Department of Justice Civil Rights Division began an investigation of Arpaio amid accusations of discrimination and unconstitutional searches and seizures. The investigation was conducted under the authority of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which forbids discrimination related to programs that receive federal funds.[184]

On July 7, 2009, Arpaio held a press conference and announced that he would not cooperate with the investigation, either by providing documents or permitting interviews with personnel. On September 2, 2010, the Department of Justice filed suit against Arpaio[185] to compel his cooperation with the investigation. A spokeswoman for the Justice Department stated that it was unprecedented for an agency to refuse to cooperate with a Title VI investigation, and that this was the first time the Justice Department had sued to compel access to documents and facilities.[186][187][188] The suit was settled in June 2011, after Arpaio allowed federal officials to interview Sheriff's office employees and review hundreds of thousands of documents for the investigation.[189][190]

On December 15, 2011, the Justice Department released their findings after a 3-year investigation of Arpaio's office amid complaints of racial profiling and a culture of bias at the agency's top level. The report stated that under Arpaio, the Maricopa County Sheriff's Office has "a pervasive culture of discriminatory bias against Latinos" that "reaches the highest levels of the agency."[191]

The Justice Department accused Arpaio of engaging in "unconstitutional policing" by unfairly targeting Latinos for detention and arrest, and retaliating against critics.[192] In the report, a Justice Department expert concluded that Arpaio oversaw the worst pattern of racial profiling in U.S. history.[193]

Based on the Justice Department report on discriminatory policing practices within the MCSO, on December 15, 2011, the United States Department of Homeland Security removed the MCSO from the 287(g) program. This decision revoked the MCSO's federal authority to identify and detain illegal immigrants.[194]


United States v. Maricopa County


On May 10, 2012, the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) in United States v. Maricopa County, et al (Case number 2:12-cv-981), filed suit against Arpaio, the MCSO, and Maricopa County, alleging that "The Maricopa County Sheriff's Office (MCSO) and Sheriff Joseph M. Arpaio have engaged and continue to engage in a pattern or practice of unlawful discriminatory police conduct directed at Latinos in Maricopa County and jail practices that unlawfully discriminate against Latino prisoners with limited English language skills."[139] The complaint included accusations that Arpaio and his staff forced women to sleep in their own menstrual blood, assaulted pregnant women, ignored rape, and criminalized being a Latino.[195]

The United States' claims in this suit encompassed, but were broader than, the unconstitutional discriminatory conduct that the Court in Melendres v. Arpaio found the MCSO to have engaged in concerning its immigration enforcement-related traffic stops.[152]

A DOJ representative said that the agency was left with no choice but to file suit after Arpaio's attorneys balked at a demand for a court-appointed monitor to ensure the sheriff's office complied with any settlement terms. Arpaio rejected the notion of a court-appointed monitor, and denied that the MCSO engaged in racial profiling.[196][197]

On June 15, 2015, Senior United States District Judge Roslyn O. Silver of the United States District Court for the District of Arizona entered partial summary judgment for the DOJ, and against Arpaio, on the central racial-profiling allegations in the suit.[198] On July 15, Maricopa County's board of supervisors voted to settle the lawsuit.[199] The partial settlement, however, did not resolve the claims of discriminatory policing.[200]


Birther movement



At two press conferences held in March 2012, Arpaio and members of his Cold Case Posse claimed that President Barack Obama's long-form birth certificate, released by the White House on April 27, 2011,[201] is a computer-generated forgery. The Posse also claimed that Obama's Selective Service card was a forgery.[202][203] The allegations regarding the birth certificate were repeated at a July 2012 news conference in which Arpaio stated that Obama's long-form birth certificate was "definitely fraudulent."[204]

Some of the major claims presented by Arpaio were subsequently shown to be false; specifically, the 1961 Vital Statistics Instruction Manual that Arpaio and his team claimed to possess contradicted what they claimed it said, and images shown by them, purportedly from that manual, were instead from computer specifications dated 1968 and 1969.[205]

In response to Arpaio's claims, Joshua A. Wisch, a special assistant to the Attorney General of Hawaii, said in a statement, "President Obama was born in Honolulu, and his birth certificate is valid. Regarding the latest allegations from a sheriff in Arizona, they are untrue, misinformed and misconstrue Hawaii law."[206] Arizona state officials, including Governor Jan Brewer and Secretary of State Ken Bennett, also dismissed Arpaio's objections and accepted the validity of Obama's birth certificate.[207] Brewer also stated that Obama's mother's U.S. citizenship made him a citizen by jus sanguinisregardless of where he was born.[208]

During September 2016, Arpaio claimed to be still investigating President Obama's birth certificate, stating, "We are looking at a forged document. Period."[209] On December 15, 2016, Arpaio held a news conference along with posse member Mike Zullo, detailing "9 points of forgery" supposedly found on the digital image of Obama's birth certificate.[210]

In 2007, Arpaio said that it was an "honor" for his department to be compared to the Ku Klux Klan, a white supremacist terrorist organization. On the witness stand in a civil trial in 2012, however, Arpaio backtracked, saying that he no longer considered the comparison an honor.[211]


Conviction for contempt of court and presidential pardon


Contempt of court


In December 2014, after many warnings, U.S. District Judge G. Murray Snow told Arpaio there was a very real possibility that he would refer Arpaio to the U.S. Attorney's Office for criminal prosecution on contempt of court charges due to the MCSO's failure to comply with the court's order to stop its racial profiling practices. Snow advised Arpaio to retain a criminal defense attorney. In a bid to shield Arpaio from criminal proceedings, his attorneys filed a written statement arguing that any mistakes in complying with the court's orders were unintentional, or the fault of former employees.[212] Judge Snow found Arpaio's arguments unavailing, and, in January 2015, announced that Arpaio would face a contempt hearing in April 2015 for violating court orders in Melendres v. Arpaio.[213]

In March 2015, a month before the scheduled contempt hearing, Arpaio admitted that he violated several court orders, and consented to a finding of civil contempt against him. Because the matter of criminal contempt was still at issue, the initial contempt hearing was held as scheduled.[214]

On July 24, 2015, the court directed U.S. marshals to seize evidence, which was possibly related to the contempt of court charges and was slated for destruction, from the sheriff's office.[215]

On May 13, 2016, the court held Arpaio in contempt on three counts.[174] On August 19, 2016, the court asked the federal government to file criminal contempt charges against Arpaio and some of his subordinates over his failure to follow the court's instructions.[216] On October 11, 2016, federal prosecutors announced that they would press criminal contempt of court charges against Arpaio.[217] On October 25, 2016, such charges were officially filed, though Arpaio would not be arrested and no mugshot would be taken. The charges were filed just two weeks before an election in which Arpaio was running for re-election.[218]

On July 31, 2017, Arpaio was found guilty of criminal contempt of court. U.S. District Judge Susan Bolton wrote that Arpaio had "willfully violated an order of the court" by failing "to ensure his subordinates' compliance and by directing them to continue to detain persons for whom no criminal charges could be filed." Arpaio was scheduled to be sentenced in October 2017.[15]


Presidential pardon




President Trump's full pardon of Joe Arpaio

On August 25, 2017, President Donald Trump pardoned Arpaio for his conviction for criminal contempt of court, a decision that provoked considerable controversy.[219][220][221] The pardon covers Arpaio's conviction and "any other offenses under Chapter 21 of Title 18, United States Code that might arise, or be charged, in connection with Melendres v. Arpaio."[222]

Trump also announced his decision on Twitter, declaring that Arpaio is an "American patriot" who had "kept Arizona safe."[223] Arpaio expressed his thanks to the President in a series of tweets[224][225] and to his "loyal supporters."[226] Arpaio also declared that his conviction was "a political witch hunt by holdovers in the Obama justice department!"[224] The Washington Post fact-checker gave the claim "Four Pinocchios" (its worst rating), noting that Arpaio was convicted by two federal judges: a Bush-appointed federal judge, and federal judge respected by both Republicans and Democrats.[227] Attorneys for Arpaio have stated that they are moving for his case to be dismissed in light of the pardon.[220]


Reactions to pardon


Arizona Governor Doug Ducey was among the politicians praising the pardon,[228] crediting Arpaio with helping to reduce crime over a long career, and Ducey also welcomed the finality that the pardon gave to the whole matter.[229] The pardon was strongly criticized by Arizona Senator John McCain as Arpaio had expressed no remorse for his actions. Arizona Senator Jeff Flake and House Speaker Paul Ryan signaled their opposition to the pardon.[230][231]

A number of law professors and political scientists described the pardon as troubling and unusual.[232][233][234][235][231] Several experts on authoritarianism described the pardon as illiberal and said that it undermined the rule of law.[235]


Subsequent proceedings


After the pardon, Arpaio filed a motion to vacate his conviction for criminal contempt. Bolton denied the motion. She held that Trump's pardon "undoubtedly spared Defendant from any punishment that might otherwise have been imposed. It did not, however, 'revise the historical facts' of this case." Arpaio's attorneys said that he would probably appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.[236] One of the ACLU attorneys who had represented the plaintiffs in the underlying racial-profiling case agreed with the denial of Arpaio's motion, stating, "The court made detailed findings after a bench trial about Joe Arpaio's criminal conduct. The court's findings and documents in the record of the case should stand and now will stand."[236]

The legal status of the pardon continued to be challenged. Although the federal prosecutors did not contest its validity, some legal groups challenged the pardon as unconstitutional.[237][236]

In 2018, Arpaio sued the New York Times, the Huffington Post, Rolling Stone, and CNN, alleging that their analyses of Arpaio's proceedings had defamed him.[238][239]


2018 U.S. Senate election


Arpaio stated in a September 2017 interview with American Free Press that he would consider running for office again, including the United States Congress, if President Donald Trump asked him to.[240] In January 2018, Arpaio announced his intention to seek the Republican nomination for the U.S. Senate in 2018.[241][242] He faced Martha McSally and Kelli Ward in the August 28, 2018, Republican primary. Arpaio was defeated, receiving 19% of the vote to McSally's 52% and Ward's 28%.[243]


Political positions


Arpaio has hardline views on immigration.[244] Asked what he would do about DREAMers - undocumented immigrants brought to the United States as minors - Arpaio said he would tell them "You're going back... Why can't these people be deported, go back to the country, learn about the country where they came from, be ambassadors?"[244] On other issues, NBC News noted that Arpaio "shows little understanding of policy".[244] When asked about his views on health care, trade and tax reform, Arpaio dismissed the questions as "technical questions... When you're asking me now, don't forget: I just made a decision to run. Instead of looking at the sports page, I've got to start looking at the newspaper."[244]


Election results


2000


2004
































2004 Maricopa County Sheriff's Office election, Arizona[245]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±

Republican
Joe Arpaio (incumbent)
642,923
56.7
−9.8

Democratic
Robert Ayala
347,981
30.7
+4.3

n/a
Steven W. Martin
142,296
12.6
n/a
Majority
294,942
26.0
−14.1
Turnout
1,133,200

+31.7

Republican hold
Swing


2008


2012


2016


Failed recall petitions, 2007 and 2013


In November 2007, a group calling itself Arizonans for the U.S. Constitution and Recall of Joe Arpaio filed the paperwork to begin an effort to recall Arpaio and County Prosecutor Thomas from office for allegedly disobeying and violating the United States Constitution and abuse of power.[246] Their petition to get a recall question for the two officials onto the next general election ballot failed when the group was unable to collect the more than 200,000 registered voter signatures required.[247] In a survey taken by the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication, while the petition was in circulation, nearly three out of four respondents opposed the recall, and 65 percent of the respondents held a positive opinion of Arpaio.[248]

On May 30, 2013, a recall attempt on Arpaio again failed only a week after a federal judge ruled that the sheriff's office had engaged in systematic discrimination against Latinos in violation of their constitutional rights. Members of Respect Arizona and Citizens for a Better Arizona started the recall effort, but were unable to get the required 335,000 valid voter signatures by the 5 p.m. deadline.[249]


Personal life


Arpaio married his wife Ava in 1958 and they had two children.[250] As of 2008, he lived in Fountain Hills, Arizona.[251]


Works


References



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